Locals
The variables accessible in a particular view are called locals. Locals represent server-side data that is accessible to your view—locals are not actually included in the compiled HTML unless you explicitly reference them using special syntax provided by your view engine.
<div>Logged in as <a><%= user.fullName %></a>.</div>
Using locals in your views
The notation for accessing locals varies between view engines. In EJS, you use special template markup (e.g. <%= someValue %>) to include locals in your views.
There are three kinds of template tags in EJS:
<%= someValue %>- HTML-escapes the
someValuelocal, and then includes it as a string.
- HTML-escapes the
<%- someRawHTML %>- Includes the
someRawHTMLlocal verbatim, without escaping it. - Be careful! This tag can make you vulnerable to XSS attacks if you don't know what you're doing.
- Includes the
<% if (!loggedIn) { %> <a>Logout</a> <% } %>- Runs the JavaScript inside the
<% ... %>when the view is compiled. - Useful for conditionals (
if/else), and looping over data (for/each).
- Runs the JavaScript inside the
Here's an example of a view (views/backOffice/profile.ejs) using two locals, user and corndogs:
<div>
<h1><%= user.fullName %>'s first view</h1>
<h2>My corndog collection:</h2>
<ul>
<% for (let corndog of corndogs) { %>
<li><%= _.capitalize(corndog.name) %></li>
<% } %>
</ul>
</div>
You might have noticed another local:
_. By default, Sails passes down a few locals to your views automatically, one of which is lodash (_).
If the data you wanted to pass down to this view was completely static, you wouldn't necessarily need a controller. Instead, you could hard-code the view and its locals in your config/routes.js file, like so:
// ...
'get /profile': {
view: 'backOffice/profile',
locals: {
user: {
fullName: 'Frank',
emailAddress: 'frank@enfurter.com'
},
corndogs: [
{ name: 'beef corndog' },
{ name: 'chicken corndog' },
{ name: 'soy corndog' }
]
}
},
// ...
More likely, though, this data will be dynamic. In this scenario, we'd need to use a controller action to load the data from our models, then pass it to the view using the res.view() method.
Assuming we hooked up our route to one of our controller's actions (and our models were set up), we might send down our view like this:
// in api/controllers/UserController.js...
profile: function (req, res) {
// ...
return res.view('backOffice/profile', {
user: theUser,
corndogs: theUser.corndogCollection
});
},
// ...
Escaping untrusted data using exposeLocalsToBrowser
It is often desirable to “bootstrap” data onto a page so that it’s available via Javascript as soon as the page loads, rather than having to fetch the data in a separate AJAX or socket request. Sites like Twitter and GitHub rely heavily on this approach in order to optimize page load times and provide an improved user experience.
Historically, this problem was commonly solved using hidden form fields or by hand-rolling code that injected server-side locals directly into a client-side script tag. While effective, these techniques can present challenges when some of the data to be bootstrapped is from an untrusted source that might contain HTML tags and Javascript code meant to compromise your app with an XSS attack. To prevent situations like this, Sails provides a built-in view partial called exposeLocalsToBrowser that you can use to securely inject data from your view locals for access from client-side JavaScript.
To use exposeLocalsToBrowser, simply call it from within your view using the non-escaping syntax for your template language. For example, using the default EJS view engine:
<%- exposeLocalsToBrowser() %>
By default, this exposes all of your view locals as the window.SAILS_LOCALS global variable. For example, if your action code contained:
res.view('myView', {
someString: 'hello',
someNumber: 123,
someObject: { owl: 'hoot' },
someArray: [1, 'boot', true],
someBool: false
someXSS: '<script>alert("all your credit cards belong to me!!");</script>'
});
then using exposeLocalsToBrowser as shown above would cause the locals to be safely bootstrapped in such a way that window.SAILS_LOCALS.someArray would contain the array [1, 'boot', true], and window.SAILS_LOCALS.someXSS would contain the string <script>alert("all your credit cards belong to me!!");</script> without causing that code to actually be executed on the page.
The exposeLocalsToBrowser function has a single options parameter that can be used to configure what data is outputted, and how. The options parameter is a dictionary that can contain the following properties:
| Property | Type | Default | Details | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | keys | undefined |
A “whitelist” of locals to expose. If left undefined, all locals will be exposed. If specified, this should be an array of property names from the locals dictionary. For example, given the res.view() statement shown above, setting keys: ['someString', 'someBool'] would cause windows.SAILS_LOCALS to be set to {someString: 'hello', someBool: false}. |
|
| 2 | namespace | SAILS_LOCALS |
The name of the global variable to which the bootstrapped data should be assigned. | |
| 3 | dontUnescapeOnClient | false | Advanced. Not recommended for most apps. If set to true, any string values that were escaped to avoid XSS attacks will still be escaped when accessed from client-side JS, instead of being transformed back into the original value. For example, given the res.view() statement from the example above, using exposeLocalsToBrowser({dontUnescapeOnClient: true}) would cause window.SAILS_LOCALS.someXSS to be set to <script>alert('hello!');. |
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